Robert Hadfield

 ( 1858 Births ) 

Robert the younger decided against Oxford and Cambridge, and entered work as an apprentice in 1875. He was successful and by the age of 24 had taken over the management due to his father's ill health.

Hadfield took out two patents on manganese steel in 1883--the British precursors to and --and exhibited the material before the Institution of Mechanical Engineers the next year. In February 1888 he presented a paper to the Institution of Civil Engineers about his further research on manganese in steel, which included the discovery that an alloy containing between 12 and 14 per cent manganese had special utility. Amongst other properties: in a tensile test it drew out uniformly whilst in most metals local elongation or ‘necking’ occurs, and magnetism is absent in it. In Brinell units the surface hardness increased on deformation from 200 to 550 or 580 (approaching that which will scratch glass) according to measurements by Floris Osmond. Its hardness and non-magnetic properties gave advantage in the arms industry, especially for British helmets.

The younger Hadfield took over the business in 1888 on his father's death. The firm was then made into a limited company, and he became chairman and managing director. The younger man was then 30 years of age.

In 1889 Hadfield published with the Iron and Steel Institute the results of his investigations into iron alloyed with silicon. Studies of iron with aluminium, chromium, nickel and tungsten followed in 1890, 1892, 1899, and 1903, respectively.

In 1891 he adopted both the eight-hour workday at his company, and the thermoelectric pyrometer, which had been developed by the Frenchman Henry Louis Le Chatelier.

In 1899 a paper in the Royal Dublin Society was published by Barrett, Brown and Hadfield of seminal importance to magnetism, in a hundred alloys of iron.

Hadfield collaborated with James Dewar in the study of very low temperatures on the properties of metals, and with Heike Kamerlingh Onnes at the University of Leyden Cryogenic Laboratory after his appointment there in 1905. They discovered that a characteristic of face-centred cubic lattice structure metals would actually become more ductile at extremely low temperatures, whilst those with a body-centred cubic lattice became brittle.

From 1913 until 1920 Hadfield was president of the Faraday Society, and as a farewell he organized there a seminar on microscopy and the photo-micrograph.

In 1925 under his name appeared the book Metallurgy and its Influence on Modern Progress; Faraday and his metallurgical researches appeared in 1931; 1935 saw Empire development and proposals for the establishment of an Empire Development Board.

In 1936 Hadfield presented to the Institution of Civil Engineers a paper in which he detailed the corrosive effect of sea-water on 980 metals.

Between 1898 and 1939 he lived at Parkhead Hall in Whirlow, Sheffield.

In the 1930s he employed record breaking motorcyclist Florence Blenkiron as a secretary and office manager.

He died 30 September 1940 in Surrey with over 200 papers to his name on metallurgical research.